tutte-regole - sosinglese.eu

MODALS
A modal verb has the same forms in all persons (I,you,he,she,it,we,they can come); it is followed by infinitive without
to and is an auxiliary verb.
affirmative
negativ e
question
Can
I can come
I can’t (cannot) come
Can I come?
Could
I could come
I could not come
Could I come?
Must
I must come
I must not come
Must/shall I come?
May
I may come
I may not come
May I come?
Might
I might come
I might not come
Might I come?
Shall
I’ll (shall) come
I shan’t come
Shall i come?
Should
I should come
I shouldn’t come
Should I come?
Will
I’ll (will) come
I won’t come
Will I come?
Would
I’d (would) come
I wouldn’t come
Would I come?
Shall is usually only used with the questions in the first person (I, we).
Reported speech
Present
I write
I’m writing
I have written
Past
I wrote
I had written
I was writing
Modals
I will/would
I can /could
I must
Questions
Do you work here?
When are you leaving?
Have you been to London?
Imperative
Come to my office.
IF CLAUSES
1st type (real)
2nd type
(unreal)
3 rd type
(unreal)
He wrote
He was writing
He had written
He said to /
told me
He said to/
Told me
He had written
He had written
He had been writing
He said to/
Told me
He would
He could
He had to
He asked me
If I worked there
When I was leaving
If I had been to London.
He told me
To come to his office
Main clause
I’ll help you
I’d help you
IF
If/in case/when/as soon as
If
If clause
You have problems
You had problems
I’d have help you
If
You had had problems
WISH
I’m not rich
I didn’t study hard at school
I WISH I WAS/WERE rich
I WISH I’D (HAD) STUDIED harder
ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
BASIC STRUCTURES
Aspect
simple
Voice
Active
Present
He writes letters
Past
He wrote letters
Passive
Letters are written
Letters were written
Modals
He will (would) write
letters
Letters will be written
He is writing letters
He was writing letters
He will be writing letters
Letters are being
written
He has written
letters
Letters have been
written
Letters were being
written
He had written letters
Letters will be being
written
He will have written
letters
Letters will have been
written.
continuous Active
Passive
perfect
TENSES
Active
Passive
Letters had been written
FAR FARE
Valore attivo:
make (costringere)
Let (pe rmettere)
Have (generico)
Oggetto /accusativo
Infinito senza to
Oggetto/accusativo
Infinito con to
Ex. He let me read his letter
Get (invitare)
Cause (causare)
Orde r (ordinare)
Ex. He caused me to laugh
Valore passivo
have
get
Oggetto /accusativo
Past participle
Ex. I had/ got my car repaired
Fare in forma passiva
soggetto
passivo
Infinito con to
Ex. Fu fatto partire/ lo si fece partire: He was made to leave
FARE + INFINITIVE
Costruzioni particolare
1. Far aspettare qualcuno: to keep someone waiting
2. Far pagare: to charge
3. Farsi capire, obbedire, rispettare: to make oneself understood, obeyed, respecte
To make
Good
Sure
Trouble
Ends meet
A scene
Up one’s mind
A decision
Matter worse
A vow
to do
A course
overtime
VERBI DI PERCEZIONE
Valore attivo
See
hear
feel
perceive
watch
smell
oggetto
Infinito senza to
Azione percepita in tutto lo svolgimento, istantanea, abituale
- Lo vidi uscire: I saw him go out
See
hear
feel
perceive
watch
smell
oggetto
Ing form
Azione percepita solo in un momento del suo svolgimento
- Lo sentii cantare: I heard him singing
VALORE PASSIVO
see
hear
watch
feel
perceive
smell
oggetto
Past participle oppure
Being + part pass.
Lo vidi finire il libro: I saw the book being finished
CAN
Posso, so, riesco
MAY
Posso, mi è permesso, può
darsi
I can lift the table (I’m strong)
I may go out tonight (my parets I must go to school (my duity)
give me permission)
She may arrive late. (maybe
She must get up early (she goes
she’ll arrive late)
to school)
She can play the piano (she
knows how to play it)
MUST
Devo, è necessario, è probabile
He must be 20 (he look young)
Tutti e tre I verbi modali seguono le stesse regole
Reggono l’infinito del verbo senza to The show must go on; you can see, I may not have
Sono solo presenti
La terza persona non ha S: the show must go on
Sono ausialiari: can’t buy me love; I may not have a lot to give
Ricorrono ad altre forme per gli altri tempi verbali
tempi
Can (to be able to)
May (to be allowed to) Must (to have to)
Simple present
She can swim
They may come today
Simple past
Future
She could speak French
They couldn’t come
She was able to swim
She will be able to swim
conditional
She could swim
They might come
He was allowed to
smoke
They will be allowed to
come
The bridge might fall
down
He must go home
Shall I7we open the
door? (int. 1 pers)
He had to go home
He will have to go
home
He should come home
I verbi modali sono
Can: posso; so; riesco; si usa per fare richieste.
May: posso; mi è possibile, permesso; può darsi. Si usa per chiedere il permesso
Must: devo, è necessario; esprime anche probabilità
I modali seguono le stesse regole.
1. Reggono l’infinito del verbo senza to.
2. Sono solo presenti.
3. La terza persona non ha S.
4. Sono ausiliari.
EXAMPLES:
I can swim
She can swim
Can you speak French?
Can they go to the cinema?
We can’t lift that box
He cannot be there by lunchtime.
CAN
Can è associato con l’idea di libertà: se si può fare qualche cosa, se sei capace, se se i forte
abbastanza, se hai il permesso
- I can play the piano
Can in genere usato al presente. Assume un significato di futuro quando si prende una decisione
circa un’abilità futura.; altrimenti si usa WILL BE ABLE TO
- She can come tomorrow
Viene usato per situazioni possibili o per dare informazioni su comportamenti e situazioni del
tempo.
- Scotland can be very warm in September.
Viene anche usato per dare suggerimenti
- You acn go to the police.
- Can we meet tomorrow?
Si può chieder permesso non formalmente
- Can I have a coffee?
Quando si parla di un permesso già accordato o di un’offerta
- He can stay up till ten
- Can I buy you a drink?
Si esprimono ordini
- Can you come here?
You can start doing the washing up.
PREPOSITION OF TIME
in
Centuries
Years
Seasons
Months
Part of day
at
At this moment
At + hours
on
+ days
On Saunday/s
On Sunday evening/s
On 1st May, 2001
AT NIGHT
AT Christmas
ON Christmas day
In = tra, fra
In 5 minutes
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
In
= dentro
in London
At
= a, presso
at Ivrea
To
= a, verso
Into
= entrare, andare
dentro
from
= da
origine,provenienza
in my room
at the cinema
go to the cinema
I went into my
room/ I went in.
from Liceo
from Ivrea
- in bed, hospital,
town
- at school, home,
church
- into the
countryside
- where are you
from?
- arrive in (big
place)
- arrive at (small
place)
- to school,
church, hospital,
bed. town
- go HOME
Other prepositions
On
Over
Above
Below
Under
Across
Through
Along
Down
Up
Onto
From....to
Out of
Untill/till
Since
For
Before
After
In front of
Opposite
By
Within
During
Then
While
From now...on
On the phone,
On thecorner,
(to be/go) On a diet
On the left, right
On this side
On one hand
Ago
Betweem
Among
ARTICLES
NO ARTICLE
ARTICLE
1. meals
2. methods of travel
3. times of day (sunrise, midday)
BUT the breakfast oon the train is awful
BUT in the morning ….
BUT we came by the early train, the 24 bus
4. geographical names
- towns: New york, Hong Kong
- Mountains: Mount everest, Ben Nevis
- Contries: France, Argentina
- Strrets, squares, circuses: Oxford Street,
Leicester Square; Piccadilly Circus
BUT
5. No article if the following words are
used for their main purpose
- bed,
- school, college, university
- hospital,prison, church, dock,
court
With an article if the following words are used
for some other reason
- the bed
- the school, colege, university
- the hospital, prison, church,
dock, court
-
Rivers (the Thames)
Mountains Ranges (the Als)
Plural countries (the USA)
roads
THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES
PAST PERFECT
HAD + PAST
PARTICIPLE (3rd
paradigm)
SIMPLE PAST
-ed/ 2nd paradigm
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT
HAVE + PAST
Inf. Without TO
PARTICIPLE (3rd
3rd person sing. : S/ES
paradigm)
- I arrived when the
train HAD already
LEFT
-She went out
-I played
-She had left
-She has studied
-She goes to school
Int. and Neg.
HAD + PASt PART.
Int. and Neg:
DID/ DIDN’T
Int and Neg.
DO/DOES
-I had left
-I hadn’t left
-Had you already left?
- I arrived
- I didn’t arrive
- Did you arrive?
Int and Neg
HAVE + PAST
PART:
-I have left
-I haven’t left
-Have you left?
USE
-experience until now
-since, for (how long)
-already, just.
- Yet
-now, recently, lately,
before, the first time,
ever
Present pe rfect
continuous
HAVE BEEN +V ING
USE
-evrey day life
-situations.
-always, ofetn,
sometimes, never,
usually, generally,
occasionally
-future: timetables
Present continuous
USE
-closed period of time
-yesterday, ago, last
-precise time (when)
Past perfect
continuous
HAD BEEN * V ING
Ex.
I had been waiting for
you for an hour when
you arrived
HAVE + PAST PART.
(NO ING)
-negative
-verbs of perception,
feeling, knowledge
-be, have
-be married, engaged,
dead
-movement (go, arrive)
-live
Past continuous
WAS/WERE + V ING
I was studying whe n
you arrived
I was studying while
she was playing
I have been playing
tennis for an hour
-Igo to school
-I don’t go to school
-Do you go to school?
AM/IS/ARE + V ing
-I am playing tennis
now.
-She is leaving for
London tomorrow
-They are always
HAVE + PAST PART. gossipping
(NO ING)
-negative
-verbs of perception,
feeling, knowledge
-be, have
-be married, engaged,
dead
-movement (go, arrive)
-live
FUTURE TENSES
Simple present
-timetables
the train leaves ta 5
tomorrow
Present continuous
-certain and close
action
I’m leaving for Turin
in an hour (I have the
tickets)
To BE GOING TO
-to be about to
(intention)
I’m going to leave for
Turin in an hour (I
don’t have the tickets)
Weather:
it’s going to rain
WILL + Inf without To
Uncertain
HOPE/THINK/SUPPOSE
-I hope I’ll go to London
Menace
.I’ll kill you
Promise
-I won’t smoke any
longer
Quick decision
-I’ll give you a lift
Offer
-I’ll pay for you
If close (first type)
-I’ll pass the exam IF I
Study
Age
-I’ll be 20 next month
VERBI DI PERCEZIONE
To see, hear, perceive, watch, smell, fell
ACTIVE
Azione percepita nel
suo svolgimento
Azione percepita in
un momento del suo
svolgimento
Verbo percezione
I SAW
Ogg.
HIM
Infinito senza to/ING
FALL
I SAW
HIM
TALKING TO HIS
FRIEND
PASSIVE
Verbo percezione
Lo vidi arrestare
I SAW
Lo vidi essere arrestato “
oggetto
HIM
“
Participio passato
ARRESTED
BEING ARRESTED
FAR FARE
ATTIVO
MAKE (costringere)
LET (permettere)
Get (convincere)
Cause (causare)
OGGETTO
INF. SENZA TO
IF CLAUSES
1st: real condition
2nd: unreal condition
FUTURE + SIMPLE
PRESENT
I’ll take the umbrella if it rains
WOULD-BARE INFINITIVE WOULD-HAVE-PAST PART
+ SIMPLE PAST
+ HAD PAST PART.
I’d take the umbrella if it rained I would have taken the umbrella
if it had rained
Would
Bare infinitive Would
Might
Might
Bare infinitive
Could
Should
Could
Will
Can
Should
May
Might
Bare infinitive
IF, in case, as soon as
When ...
3rd : impossible condition
REGOLE ORTOGRAFICHE
1)
PLURALE E TERZA PERSONA SINGOLARE DEL PRESENTE
REGOLA
Si aggiunge sempre S
al fondo del Nome
/verbo
MA
Se il nome /verbo
termina per:
1-S, ss, sh, ch, x, z, o
NOME
VERBO
DRESS
BOX
dresses
boxes
I DRESS
I go
he dresses
he goes
LADY
ladies
I STUDY
he studies
BOY
boys
I PLAY
he plays
si aggiunge ES
2- Y preceduta da
consonante,
Y= I + ES
Se Y è preceduta da
vocale si aggiunge solo
S
2) REGOLE PER AGGIUNGERE - ED AL SIMPLE PAST E PAST PERFECT
Regola:
si aggiunge Ed al fondo del verbo all’infinito senza to
MA se il verbo te rmina per
1. e si aggiunge D
Esempi
Love, LOVED
2. una consonante sola preceduta da una sola vocale accentata, si
raddoppia la consonante finale
Stop, STOPPED
3. L, si raddoppia L
Travel,
TRAVELLED
4. Y,preceduta da consonante, si toglie y e si aggiunge IED
Study, STUDIED
5. Y preceduta da vocale, si aggiunge ED
Play, PLAYED
3) REGOLE PER AGGIUNGERE ING (GERUNDIO E PARTICIPIO
PRESENTE)
Regola:
Si aggiunge ING al verbo all’infinito senza TO
MA se il verbo te rmina per:
1. e, si toglie e si aggiunge ING
Esempi
Love, LOVING
2. una consonante sola preceduta da una vocale sola accentata si
raddoppia la consonante finale
Stop, STOPPING
3. L, si raddoppia L
Travel,
TRAVELLING
4. Y, si aggiunge ING senza cambiare
Study, STDYING
Play, PLAYING
5. IE, si toglie IE e si mette Y + Ing
Die, DYING
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is formed with BE + Past Participle
Italian
Sono
TO BE
I am
Sono stato
I have been
Ero/fui l
I was
Ero stato
I had been
Sarò
Past Participle
I will be
lodato
Praised
Sarò stato
I will have been
Sarei
I’d be
Sarei stato
I’d have been
Potrei essere
Dovrei essere
Posso essere
Devo essere
I could/might be
I should be
I can/may be
I must be
IL complemento di agente o causa efficiente si esprime solitamente con BY
(si possono trovare anche with,
N.B.
1) Se ci sono preposizioni dopo il ve rbo, devono essere espresse
Ex.
He was looked AT by all the guests
2) I verbi che reggono il Doppio Accusativo (give, send, bring, lend, buy, s pend,
show, pay, write/ tell, telephone, ring up, ask, ans wer) hanno la seguente
costruzione:
Ex.
She gave me the book
I WAS GIVEN A BOOK by her
4) Il comple mento d’age nte si esprime solo se non è generico. Se ci sono parole
come somebody, people, they etc. si omette
Ex. Everybody looked at her
SHE WAS LOOKED AT
THE PERSONS
Subject pronoun
SOGGETTO
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
Object pronpoun Possessive
adjective
COMPL.
AGG.
POSSESSIVO
Me
My
You
Your
Him
His
Her
Her
It
Its
Us
Our
Possessive
Pronoun
PRONOME
POSSESSIVO
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
YOU
You
Your
Yours
THEY
Them
Their
Theirs
She is lookink
She is looking at
the m
This is my car
That’s yours
Reciprocal
pronoun
-
Each other,
one another
Each other,
one another
Each other,
one another
They are looking
at each other