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Pagina 116
Forme verbali:
il periodo ipotetico
Il periodo ipotetico è composto da una frase principale e da una frase subordinata if, che esprime la
condizione necessaria affinché ciò che è detto nella principale si verifichi o meno. Il periodo ipotetico si
classifica in base al grado maggiore o minore di probabilità.
Zero conditional
Frase subordinata
Frase principale
If + Present simple
Present simple
If the water reaches 100 degrees C, it boils.
• Si usa il periodo ipotetico di tipo zero per esprimere la conseguenza logica
e naturale di una determinata azione: nell’esempio precedente, siamo certi
che se porto l’acqua a 100°C inizia a bollire.
First conditional
Frase subordinata
Frase principale
If + Present simple
will / won’t + verbo alla forma base
If I leave late,
I’ll (will) miss the train.
If you eat so much,
you won’t lose weight.
• Si usa il periodo ipotetico di primo tipo per parlare di un’azione possibile
o probabile nel presente o nel futuro.
Second conditional
Frase subordinata
Frase principale
If + Past simple
would / wouldn’t + verbo alla forma base
If he knew Chinese,
he’d (would) live in China.
If it didn’t rain,
I’d (would) go to the park.
• Il periodo ipotetico di secondo tipo esprime ipotesi poco probabili,
immaginarie o difficilmente realizzabili.
• Osserva questa costruzione particolare che prevede l’uso del periodo ipotetico del secondo tipo: si usa la
costruzione If I were you / him ecc. per dare consigli e suggerimenti.
Frase subordinata
Frase principale
If I were + pronome complemento oggetto
I would / wouldn’t + verbo alla forma base
If I were you,
I wouldn’t go out with such a bad weather.
If I were him,
I’d (would) tell his mother the truth.
116 one hundred and sixteen
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Pagina 117
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Regole generali valide per tutti i periodi ipotetici
• La frase principale può essere all’inizio del periodo ipotetico:
We’ll go swimming if Dad drives us.
Andremo in piscina se papà ci porta in macchina.
• Quando il periodo ipotetico inizia con la frase introdotta da if, va inserita una virgola prima della frase
principale:
If I study harder, I’ll pass the exam. U I’ll pass the exam if I study harder.
Se studio di più, passerò l’esame.
Passerò l’esame se studio di più.
• Nelle domande, solo la frase principale va alla forma interrogativa:
Would you go to the concert if you found the tickets?
Andresti al concerto se trovassi i biglietti?
What will you do if you don’t pass the exams?
Cosa farai se non passi l’esame?
Watch out!
Nel periodo ipotetico si possono usare altre congiunzioni oltre a if:
I’ll give you a ring when I leave home.
Ti telefono quando esco da casa.
As soon as Harry moves to England, he’ll rent his house.
Appena Harry si trasferisce in Inghilterra affitterà la sua casa.
Your turn
1 Abbina le due parti delle frasi al Zero conditional.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
If you train a lot,
If you don’t study much,
If you’re rude to people,
If you arrive late at that cinema,
If there’s a public holiday,
If it’s cold,
If you study lots of grammar,
If you mix blue and yellow,
c 2
1 ......
......
3
......
4
......
5
......
6
......
7 ...... 8
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
people often go to the beach.
you get green.
you play well in matches.
people wear thick jackets.
your English gets better.
you don’t get a good seat.
they’re rude to you.
you don’t do well at school.
......
2 Abbina le due parti delle frasi al First conditional.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
If you write to me,
If you have any problems,
If you want any more information,
If it rains,
If the game finishes early,
If you don’t pass your exams,
If you try hard,
g 2
1 ......
......
3
......
4
......
5
......
6
......
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
you’ll get good results.
we’ll go and have a pizza.
I won’t buy you that new bike.
I’ll come and pick you up.
I’ll help you.
I’ll be happy to give it to you.
I’ll write back.
7 ......
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Pagina 118
Forme verbali: il periodo ipotetico
3 Coniuga i verbi fra parentesi alla forma
corretta del First conditional.
get
Ex. If you ......................................
(get) home late
will be
tonight, your parents .....................................
(be)
1
2
3
4
5
really angry.
If it ...................................... (rain) this afternoon,
nobody ...................................... (come).
They ...................................... (wake up) if you
...................................... (make) so much noise!
If you ...................................... (reserve) now, you
...................................... (get) a good price.
She ...................................... (not/answer) if you
...................................... (call) her on the mobile.
They ...................................... (call) us if they
...................................... (have) any news.
4 Scrivi frasi con if abbinando le
espressioni nei due riquadri.
you don’t pass the
exam
you don’t feel well
they arrive late
you need anything
you’re late
you speak to them
you’ll miss the train
I’ll call the doctor
please call me
they’ll be rude to you
we won’t wait
you’ll have to take
it again
you don’t pass the exam, you’ll have to
Ex. If
.....................................................................................................
take
it again.
.....................................................................................................
1
2
3
4
5
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
6 Completa i consigli con i verbi nel
riquadro.
get up join fly ask eat
Ex. A: I’m a bit fat.
1
2
3
4
eat
B: If I were you, I’d ......................................
less.
A: I’m late for school.
B: If I were you, I’d ...................................... earlier.
A: I haven’t got any money for the trip.
B: If I were you, I’d ...................................... your
parents.
A: I want to play golf.
B: If I were you, I’d ...................................... a club.
A: It’s too long by train.
B: If I were you, I’d ...................................... .
7 Coniuga i verbi fra parentesi alla forma
corretta del Second conditional.
had
Ex. If I ......................................
(have) a Ferrari,
’d
drive
I ...................................... (drive) it all the time.
1 If I ...................................... (know) the answer,
I ...................................... (tell) you.
2 If Sam ...................................... (be) here, he
...................................... (know) what to do.
3 These exercises ...................................... (be)
much easier if we ...................................... (have)
the answers.
4 I ...................................... (study) another
language if I ...................................... (have) time.
5 If you ...................................... (speak) to your
parents more often, they ......................................
(understand) you more.
.....................................................................................................
8 Riscrivi le frasi usando il Second
5 Riordina le parole per formare frasi di
senso compiuto.
Ex. the exam / I / study / don’t / If / hard /
pass / won’t / I
If
I don’t study hard I won’t pass the exam.
.....................................................................................................
1 heat / If / boils / it / water / you / to 100°C
2 something / see / If / interesting / me /
you / call
3 have a party / If / we / win / you / will
4 need / upstairs / If / I / you / me / be /
will
5 melts / leave / If / you / an ice-cream /
it / in the sun
conditional.
Ex. We haven’t any time so we’re not going
1
2
3
4
5
to visit them.
If
we had time, we would visit them.
.....................................................................................................
I don’t watch English films because I
don’t understand the dialogue.
I haven’t got enough money so I’m not
going to travel around the world.
I haven’t got a million Euros so I won’t
buy a beautiful villa.
Milly never answers her phone so I never
call her.
I haven’t got a car so I don’t drive to work.
118 one hundred and eighteen
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Pagina 119
Forme verbali: il periodo ipotetico
9 Identifica il tipo di condizionale usato e
12 Riordina le parole per formare frasi di
scrivi Zero, First o Second.
Ex. If I had more time, I’d be more relaxed.
Second
.......................
senso compiuto.
Ex. knew / I / you / would / If / tell / I
If
I knew, I would tell you.
.....................................................................................................
1 If they went to the gym more often, they’d
be very fit.
.......................
2 If I see Marje tomorow, I’ll say hello to her
from you.
.......................
3 If I get the job, I’ll celebrate with some
friends.
.......................
4 If you use a satellite navigator, you never
get lost.
.......................
5 You’ll get cold if you don’t put your coat on.
1 good results / more / get / Jack / If /
studied / he / would
2 If / earlier / you / arrive / would / drove /
you
3 I / a sports car / had / lots of / If / I /
money / buy / would
4 Chinese / If / spoke / China / could / I /
work / in / I
5 would / her / better / If / I / knew /
invite / her / I
.......................
6 I always answer if somebody emails me.
.......................
7 If you cook spaghetti too much, it gets
soft.
.......................
13 Formula delle frasi per esprimere quello
che faresti nelle seguenti situazioni.
What would you do if…
Ex. you found a wallet on the ground?
I’d
take it to the police.
.....................................................................................................
1 you saw a friend cheating in a test?
10 Formula un consiglio per ciascuna
situazione.
Ex. I don’t like my job.
If
I were you, I’d find another one/change it.
.....................................................................................................
1 I don’t understand algebra.
2 I really want a dog.
3 I haven’t got any friends.
4 I can’t understand my cousin from Spain.
5 I’m always late for school on Saturdays.
6 I want to meet people from other
cultures.
11 Scegli l’opzione corretta.
Ex. I’ve got a sister but if I have / had
1
2
3
4
6
a brother I can / could speak about
football with him.
Look at those clouds. If you leave / left
your clothes outside, they will / would
get wet.
If you go / went shopping this afternoon,
will / would you buy me some sweets?
It’s just a dream but if somebody give /
gave me 500 euros, I will / would use it
to travel around the world.
If there is / was more time, we will /
would all be more relaxed.
If I speak / spoke all the languages in
the world, I can / could communicate
with anyone I want.
.....................................................................................................
2 you found a friend’s diary on the floor?
.....................................................................................................
3 you saw your best friend with someone
else’s boy / girlfriend?
.....................................................................................................
4 your parents went way for a few days
leaving you alone in the house?
.....................................................................................................
5 someone offered you whiskey at a party?
.....................................................................................................
6 a waiter gave you too much change?
.....................................................................................................
14 Traduci le frasi.
1 Se vado a letto tardi sono stanco al
mattino.
2 Oggi pomeriggio non giocheremo se
pioverà.
3 Se guidi a destra in Inghilterra avrai un
incidente.
4 Potrei finire questo libro se avessi
tempo.
5 Se fossi in te non lo farei.
6 Avrei molto più tempo libero se le
giornate fossero di trenta ore.
7 Se studi tanto, farai dei progressi.
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