Infezioni emergenti: una sfida continua alla sanità pubblica Giovanni Rezza Department of Infectious Diseases U.S. Surgeon General, 1970 ‘It’s time to close the book on infectious disease… the war against pestilence has been won’ «Vaccines are victims of their own success» 1979, Smallpox eradication Emergent and reemergent infections in the last decades Sars Mers_Cov H7N9 Virus Emergence from Zoonotic Sources California, June 1981 HIV Timing of HIV-1 (M) origin in the human popolation Blower SM et al, Science 2000 Genetic relationship between HIV and primate lentiviruses Schematic for the emergence of an infectious disease Introductions from the reservoir are followed by chains of transmission in the human population. Infections with the introduced strain (open circles) have a basic reproductive number R0<1. Pathogen evolution generates an evolved strain (filled circles) with R0>1. The infections caused by the evolved strain can go on to cause an epidemic. Daggers indicate no further transmission SARS-CORONAVIRUS Probable cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome, by reported source of infection* Singapore, 25 February-30 April, 2003 *Case 1 = 1; Case 2 = 6; Case 3 = 35; Case 4 = 130; and Case 5 = 127. Excludes 28 cases with either no or poorly defined direct contacts or who were cases translocated to Singapore with no further secondary transmission. MMWR 2003;52:405 SARS-CoV Reservoir? EBOLA Ebola epidemics Main contexts where transmission may occur Transmission within the family Contact with dead bodies during burial ceremonies Transmission in the hospital setting Totale dei casi di EVD e decessi in Guinea, Liberia e Sierra Leone Paese Casi Decessi Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone 3805 10672 13911 2533 4808 3955 Totale 28424 11311 Inoltre sono stati segnalati 20 casi in Nigeria, 8 in Mali, 4 negli USA e 1 in Senegal, Spagna, Italia, e UK. Number of EVD cases (and non-cases) by epidemiological week: Monrovia, Liberia Efficacia degli interventi (isolamento precoce) il modello UK Whitty et al. Nature 2014 Globalization and Climate Change Chikungunya Castiglione di Cervia Castiglione di Ravenna Epidemic Curve by Presumed Place of Infection 12 11 10 9 Other location Cervia Castiglione di Cervia and Castiglione di Ravenna 8 No. of cases 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul 21-Jul 28-Jul 4-Aug 11-Aug 18-Aug 25-Aug 1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep West Nile Virus Giu Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Giu Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Giu Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Giu Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Giu Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov WNND Confirmed cases, Italy 2008: WNV is back! 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2008 2009 2010 Month of symptoms onset 2011 2012 Men W-135 among refugees and migrant camp workers Stefanelli, Adv Microbiol Infect Dis Pub Health 2015 Louse-borne relapsing fever among refugees from Somalia Ciervo, Em Infect Dis 2015 Waiting for the ‘pandemic’ virus An insight on current global threats Influenza pandemics switch due to inter-species passage of an avian virus or rearrangement of avian and human viruses in swine Influenza •“Spanish” Subtype A/H1N1 •“Asiatic” A/H2N2 •“Hong Kong” A/H3N2 •“Swine” A/H1N1 Year Origin 1917 1957 1968 2009 USA? Cina Cina Mexico The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1v) ‘mild’ pandemic H5N1 avian flu: a pre-pandemic virus? Family cluster in North-Sumatra Influenza virus A/H7N9 Avian flu H7N9 pneumonia H7N9 human cases in China MERS-Coronavirus MERS Coronavirus Phylogenesis of MERS-Cov MERS-Cov clusters in Saudi Arabia Estimated R0 <1 Natural host: bats? Intermediate host: dromedary? Coming to an airport near you “The global spread of epidemics” Science 2014 Complexity in global, network driven contagion phenomena The global mobility network may explain effective vs. geographic distance Contrasting emerging infections Early detection •Surveillance systems •Lab capacity Rapid response •Containment measures •Vaccination