特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Polishing is an important part of metallographic preparation. Only correct polishing can avoid false phases and reveal the real structure of materials. Purpose * Remove fine wear marks and get a bright mirror surface Polishing method * Mechanical polishing、Electropolishing and Chemical Polishing Ideal polished surface * Smooth and bright * No scratches * No relief * No plastic deformation * No non-metallic inclusions fall off Grinding effect * Grind to proper particle size Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 1 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. The role of grinding Polished particles cut the specimen with an elastic force to produce finer scratches Rolling Effect * Polishing particles roll to make the metal on the surface protrude to the concave part, often called "flow of metal" Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 2 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Polishing equipment 1）Manual polishing machine Continuously variable speed, polishing quality depends on manual technology； 2）Automatic grinding and polishing machine After setting the program parameters and consumables, consistent and repeatable results can be obtained without relying on human hands, with higher efficiency and better sample preparation quality； Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 3 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Polishing Medium Plush Polishing Cloth * For fast polishing of hard ferrous metals Medium and short nap polishing cloth * Suitable for fine polishing Micro/lint-free polishing cloth * Suitable for rough throwing Foam polishing cloth * Suitable for fine polishing, good polishing flatness, small relief Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 4 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Diamond has the characteristics of high hardness and high polishing speed, and can be used for polishing preparation of most materials. The commonly used particle size ranges from 0.25μm to 15μm. According to the different sample materials, there are water-based, oil-based and ethanol-based options. Fine polishing：For samples that are soft or have high polishing requirements, alumina or silica polishing fluid with a thickness of 0.3 μm or even 0.05 μm can be used. Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 5 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Alumina removes the surface deformation layer of the material by purely physical polishing; SiO₂ particles chemically react with the reactive layer on the surface of the specimen, polishing by corrosion; The key to polishing Removal of damaged layers at maximum polishing rate Deformed layers created by polishing do not create artifacts For best results: coarse polishing → fine polishing From grinding to the first step of polishing 1/5 of the previous grit size SiC P1200 (15μm) > polished - 3μm diamond Diamond grain size per polishing 1/3 of the previous grit size Polishing-9μm＞3μm＞1μm Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 6 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Rough polishing Remove the polished deformed layer, the deformed layer produced by polishing will not produce false images； Fine polishing Remove the deformed layer produced by rough polishing to minimize polishing damage； The key to successful polishing is to choose the corresponding polishing cloth and polishing liquid for different materials Hard, low resilience polishing cloth High pre-polishing efficiency Good flatness, not easy to emboss Soft, elastic polishing cloth Good shock absorption, suitable for fine polishing and removal of tiny scratches Coarse, medium polishing Hard, less elastic polishing cloth Medium fleece polishing cloth Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 7 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Fine polishing Soft, linter or foam polishing cloth（ZN） Macro inspection ①Smooth and bright. ②No stains, spots, water spots, polish residue. ③No scratches. ④No orange peel wrinkles - disordered layer. ⑤No pitting. ⑥The edges to be protected are not rounded. For defects in items ①～③, re-polish. When there are defects and deep scratches in items ④～⑥, it is necessary to start with sandpaper polishing, and then re-grind and polish the sample in sequence. Microscopic examination ①No scratches that would interfere with metallographic examination and photography. ②Unorganized tailing. ③No stains. ④No serious embossing, no peeling. ⑤No metal disordered layer, no polishing pits. Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 8 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Fine polishing Remove the deformed layer produced by rough polishing to minimize polishing damage； Scratches：Small grooves left by abrasive particles during material removal. Width and depth depend on grit size and other factors. Possible Causes Solution Dirty polishing cloth Clean with a toothbrush Process cross contamination Every step of cleaning (ultrasonic cleaning) Insufficient polishing Change the polish or apply a new polish Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 9 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Trailing: The weak bonding force between the hard phase and the soft matrix or the random radial small grooves caused by the pores of the matrix. Possible Causes Solution Polishing cloth fluff is too long Use a stiff, lint-free polishing cloth Too much polishing pressure Reduce the applied force Polishing time is too long Reduce polishing time Manual directional grinding an d polishing Circling or swinging the specimen while polishing Embossed：During the polishing process, the hard phase or component on the surface of the material is higher than the soft matrix, the gap, and the pore boundary. Possible Causes Solution Polishing time is too long Reduce polishing time Polishing cloth fluff is too long Use a stiff, lint-free polishing cloth Wrong polishing particles Replace the correct polishing particles Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 10 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Embed：Hard particles are pressed into soft materials or cracks and holes. Possible Causes Solution Soft / Tough Materials Reduce polishing time Cracks and Holes Use a microlint or lint-free polishing cloth Wrinkle：The plastic deformation that occurs in larger areas of the sample is called wrinkling. Possible Causes Solution Insufficient lubrication Add lubrication Polishing cloth rebounds too high Replacing Low Resilience Polishing Cloths Polishing particle size is too small Change to large diameter polishing particles Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 11 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Pseudocolor：False coloring is the abnormal coloring of the sample surface, mainly due to contact with foreign substances. Possible Causes Solution There is a gap between the sample and the resin Use edge-preserving resin Copper and its alloys, titanium and its alloys or ceramics, etc. Scratches, smears, deformation； Outstanding ceramic wear resistance； * Use mechanochemical polishing method (add 25% ammonia + 3% hydrogen peroxide to silica) * Ceramics use hard cloth + (diamond + silica) mechanochemical polishing Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 12 特鲁利（苏州）材料科技有限公司 Trojan(Suzhou) Material technology Co., Ltd. Fragile layered brittle oxide coating Fragile, easy to delaminate, fall off； Boundaries between layers are not clear； * For hand throwing, the coating surface is vertically facing the optional direction of the polishing cloth, so that the coating is pressed against the substrate * Reduce the speed and reduce the pressure during automatic polishing Powder metallurgy, ceramic coating, etc. View porosity materials The pores are blocked； False porosity； * Clean with a hard, lint-free polishing cloth or ultrasonically * Longer polishing≥15min Add: Building 26, No. 228, Gongtang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, China Tel: +86-512-65283666 www.trojanworld.com [email protected] 13
