Directory services
• Directory offline
– Elenchi telefonici
– Guide TV
– Cataloghi acquisti
• Directory online
– Application specific (lotus notes, MS Exchange 5.5, …)
– NOS based (Novell eDirectory, MS Active Directory, SUN nis, …)
– Purpose specific (DNS, …)
– General Purpose (Netscape Directory, OpenLDAP, …)
Caratteristiche directory online
• Dinamiche
• Flessibili
– Estensibili senza ripianificazione
– Flessibilità organizzativa (ricerche flessibili)
• Sicure (Access Control List, autenticazione)
• Personalizzabili (profilazione utente)
Directory vs Database
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Rapporto R/W
Distribuzione/replicazione
Performance
Standard di interoperabilità (SQL/LDAP)
Transazioni (rollback) e Join
Applicazioni delle directory
• Ricerca informazioni
• Gestione centralizzata oggetti e cfg
• sicurezza
LDAP
• X.500
• LDAP = semplificazione DAP
• LDAPv3
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Internazionalizzazione UTF-8
Referrals
Security (SASL/TLS)
Estensibilità (controlli)
1 – Search operation
2 – Returned entry
3 – Result code
LDAP Client
LDAP Server
A client issues multiple LDAP Search request
simultaneously
1 – Search operation, msgid=1
2 – Search operation, msgid=2
3 – Returned entry, msgid=1
4 – Returned entry, msgid=2
5 – Result code, msgid=2
6 – Result code, msgid=1
LDAP Client
LDAP Server
Typical LDAP Exchange
1 – Open connection and bind
2 – Result of bind operation
3 – Search operation
4 – First entry returned
5 – Second entry returned
6 – Result of search operation
7 – Unbind operation
8 – Close connection
LDAP Client
LDAP Server
1 – Search for user Mario Rossi
2 – Entry for Mario Rossi returned
Directory enabled email
application
LDAP Server
4 – Client sends outgoing
message to recipient
3 – Client encryps
outgoing message
using certificate read
from directory
Messaging Server
Modelli operativi di LDAP
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Information Model
Naming Model
Functional Model
Security Model
LDAP Information Model
• Definizione dei tipi di dati
• Oggetti e attributi
• Schema
LDAP Naming Model
dc=example,dc=com
ou=people
cn=Mario Rossi
LDAP Functional Model
• Operazioni che possono essere effettuate
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Interrogazione
Update
Autenticazione e controllo
Extended operations
LDAP Security Model
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Binding
Anonymous o DN+pwd
Meccanismi SASL (autenticazione)
StartTLS (cifratura + autenticazione)
Ciclo di vita di un DS
• Design
• Deployment
• Maintenance
Design di un DS
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Directory needs
Data
Schema
Namespace
Topology
Replication
Security
Fase di Deployment di un DS
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Choose directory software
Piloting
Analyzing cost
User feedback
Moving to production
Fase di Maintenance di un DS
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Backup e Disaster recovery
Data maintenance
Monitoring
Troubleshooting
Change requirements
top
person
organizationalPerson
inetOrgPerson
Directory Distribuita
dc=example,dc=com
OU = HR
OU = Acct
OU = People
Directory Distribuita
DC=example,DC=com
OU = People
OU = HR
OU = Acct
Knowledge References
dc=example,dc=com
Immediate superior
knowledge reference
Subordinate references
